Lyrics

गायका त्वां सदा गायन्
अर्चन्त्यर्कविदो नराः ।
ब्रह्माणस्त्वां शतक्रतो
वंशमिवोन्नयन्ति ते ॥

सानुं सानुं समारुह्य
इन्द्रो लक्ष्यं निरीक्षते ।
ज्ञात्वा कार्यं महद्भूरि
यूथेन वृषभो ययौ ॥

युङ्क्ष्व हरी महावीरा
बलिनौ तेजसा युतौ ।
सोमपान महेन्द्र त्वं
गिरामस्माकमागम ॥

एहि स्तोत्राण्यभि श्रुत्वा
स्वरेण प्रत्युदीरय ।
ब्रह्म नो वर्धय स्वेन्द्र
यज्ञं नश्च विवर्धय ॥

इन्द्राय शंस्यतां स्तोत्रं
वर्धनं बहुदायिने ।
तेन शक्रः प्रहृष्येत
सोमेभ्यः सख्येभ्यश्च ॥

तम् एव सख्ये वयमीमः
तम् एव राये सुवीर्ये ।
स शक्रो नः सहायः स्यात्
वसु दद्यात् प्रसन्नधीः ॥

त्वद्दत्तं यश उन्मुक्तं
सुविविक्तं सुनिर्गतम् ।
गवां व्रजं विमुञ्च त्वं
राधो नः सृज वज्रिन् ॥

न त्वां द्यावापृथिव्यौ
धारयेतां महाबल ।
स्वर्वतीर् अपो जेषि
गाः समस्मभ्यं धूनुहि ॥

आश्रुत्कर्ण ममाह्वानं
शृणु मे वाचमिन्द्र हि ।
इमं स्तोमं मम स्वीकृत्य
सखायमन्तरं कुरु ॥

वयं त्वां बलिष्ठं विद्मो
वाजेषु हवनश्रुतम् ।
तस्य वीरस्य ते ऊतिं
सहस्रसातमां हुमः ॥

आगच्छ कौशिकेन्द्र त्वं
सोमं पीत्वा मदाय नः ।
नवमायुर्दीर्घमस्मभ्यं
कृणु ऋषिं सहस्रजित् ॥

इमाः स्तुतयः सर्वतः
परि त्वां सन्तु गिर्वणः ।
वर्धतामायुरस्माकं
वर्धन्तां नः वृद्धयः ॥

जुष्टा भवन्तु नित्यं नः
जुष्टयो मधुराः सदा ।
वृद्धे जीवितसामर्थ्ये
वर्धतां नः प्रियं यशः ॥

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Meaning and Word Forms

1. गायका त्वां सदा गायन्

अर्चन्त्यर्कविदो नराः ।
ब्रह्माणस्त्वां शतक्रतो
वंशमिवोन्नयन्ति ते ॥

Word Forms

• गायका — nominative plural masculine of गायक (singer, chanter) — singers.
• त्वाम् — accusative singular of त्वद् (second-person pronoun) — you.
• सदा — indeclinable adverb — always, perpetually.
• गायन् — present active participle of √गै (to sing); nominative singular masculine — singing.
• अर्चन्ति — √अर्च् (to worship, honour, praise); third person plural present tense, parasmaipada — they worship, they honour.
• अर्कविदः — nominative plural masculine of अर्कविद् (one who knows or understands the hymn, praise or sacred chant) — knowers of hymns, those learned in sacred praise.
• नराः — nominative plural masculine of नर — men, people.
• ब्रह्माणः — nominative plural masculine of ब्रह्मन् (priest, sacred utterance or one associated with sacred knowledge) — priests, inspired chanters, custodians of sacred utterance.
• शतक्रतो — vocative singular of शतक्रतु — O Shatakratu, O possessor of a hundred powers or mighty deeds.
• वंशम् — accusative singular masculine of वंश — bamboo, reed, lineage or succession. Here understood as a bamboo or reed that is raised or made to grow.
• इव — indeclinable particle — like, as.
• उन्नयन्ति — उत् + √नी (to lead, raise, elevate); third person plural present tense, parasmaipada — they raise, elevate, lead upwards.
• ते — genitive singular or nominative plural depending on context — your, of you; they.

Literal Meaning

The singers perpetually sing of you, while men who know the sacred hymns worship you.

O Shatakratu, the inspired priests elevate you, as one might raise a bamboo.

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2. सानुं सानुं समारुह्य

इन्द्रो लक्ष्यं निरीक्षते ।
ज्ञात्वा कार्यं महद्भूरि
यूथेन वृषभो ययौ ॥

Word Forms

• सानुम् — accusative singular masculine of सानु — summit, mountain ridge, elevated surface.
• सानुम् — repetition of सानुम्; distributive or iterative expression — summit after summit, peak by peak.
• समारुह्य — सम् + आ + √रुह् (to ascend, climb); absolutive (ल्यबन्त) — having climbed, having ascended.
• इन्द्रः — nominative singular masculine of इन्द्र — Indra.
• लक्ष्यम् — accusative singular neuter of लक्ष्य — target, objective, goal, mark.
• निरीक्षते — नि + √ईक्ष् (to observe, behold, examine); third person singular present tense, ātmanepada — observes, surveys, looks carefully at.
• ज्ञात्वा — √ज्ञा (to know, understand); absolutive (क्त्वान्त) — having known, having understood.
• कार्यम् — accusative singular neuter of कार्य — work, duty, undertaking, task.
• महत् — accusative singular neuter of महत् — great, significant, mighty.
• भूरि — indeclinable/adjectival form — much, abundant, numerous, great.
• यूथेन — instrumental singular neuter of यूथ — herd, troop, group, company.
• वृषभः — nominative singular masculine of वृषभ — bull, mighty one, powerful leader.
• ययौ — √या (to go); third person singular perfect tense, parasmaipada — went, proceeded, departed.

Literal Meaning

Having climbed summit after summit, Indra surveys the objective.

Having understood the great and abundant task, the mighty bull proceeds with his troop.

Important Vocabulary

वृषभ is a particularly significant Vedic expression. Beyond its literal meaning of bull, it frequently signifies strength, virility, leadership and overwhelming power. It is also used as an epithet of Indra.

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3. युङ्क्ष्व हरी महावीरा

बलिनौ तेजसा युतौ ।
सोमपान महेन्द्र त्वं
गिरामस्माकमागम ॥

Word Forms

• युङ्क्ष्व — √युज् (to yoke, join, harness); second person singular imperative, ātmanepada — yoke, harness, join together.
• हरी — accusative dual masculine of हरि — the two bay steeds of Indra.
• महावीरा — vocative singular masculine compound महा + वीर — O great hero, O mighty warrior.
• बलिनौ — nominative or accusative dual masculine of बलिन् — the two strong ones, possessing strength.
• तेजसा — instrumental singular neuter of तेजस् — with brilliance, with radiance, through power.
• युतौ — nominative or accusative dual masculine past passive participle of √युज् — joined, endowed, equipped, accompanied.
• सोमपान — compound सोम + पान; vocative — O Soma-drinker.
• महेन्द्र — vocative singular masculine compound महा + इन्द्र — O great Indra.
• त्वम् — nominative singular of त्वद् — you.
• गिराम् — genitive plural feminine of गिर् (speech, voice, hymn, praise) — of the hymns, of the praises, of the utterances.
• अस्माकम् — genitive plural of अस्मद् — our, belonging to us.
• आगम — imperative of आ + √गम् (to come) — come.

Literal Meaning

Harness your two steeds, O great hero, both mighty and endowed with brilliance.

O great Indra, Soma-drinker, come to our hymns and praises.

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4. एहि स्तोत्राण्यभि श्रुत्वा

स्वरेण प्रत्युदीरय ।
ब्रह्म नो वर्धय स्वेन्द्र
यज्ञं नश्च विवर्धय ॥

Word Forms

• एहि — √इ (to go, come); second person singular imperative, parasmaipada — come hither.
• स्तोत्राणि — accusative plural neuter of स्तोत्र — hymns, praises, laudatory compositions. Derived from √स्तु (to praise).
• अभि — indeclinable preposition/adverb — towards, upon, in the direction of.
• श्रुत्वा — √श्रु (to hear, listen); absolutive (क्त्वान्त) — having heard, after listening.
• स्वरेण — instrumental singular masculine of स्वर — with the voice, through sound, by vocal expression.
• प्रत्युदीरय — प्रति + उद् + √ईर् (to utter, speak, proclaim); second person singular causative imperative — respond, utter in reply, proclaim in return.
• ब्रह्म — accusative singular neuter of ब्रह्मन् — sacred utterance, prayer, inspired speech, sacred formulation.
• नः — genitive/dative plural of अस्मद् — our, for us.
• वर्धय — √वृध् (to grow, increase); causative, second person singular imperative — cause to grow, increase, strengthen.
• स्वेन्द्र — a form of संबोधन to Indra.
• यज्ञम् — accusative singular masculine of यज्ञ — sacrifice, sacrificial rite.
• नः — genitive/dative plural — our, for us.
• च — indeclinable conjunction — and.
• विवर्धय — वि + √वृध्; causative, second person singular imperative — greatly increase, expand, cause to flourish.

Literal Meaning

Come hither, having heard our hymns, and respond with your voice.

Increase our sacred utterance, O Indra, and greatly strengthen our sacrifice.

Root Note

The distinction between वर्धय and विवर्धय is useful:

• वर्धय — increase, strengthen.
• विवर्धय — expand greatly, cause to flourish extensively.

Both are causative imperatives addressed to Indra.

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5. इन्द्राय शंस्यतां स्तोत्रं

वर्धनं बहुदायिने ।
तेन शक्रः प्रहृष्येत
सोमेभ्यः सख्येभ्यश्च ॥

Word Forms

• इन्द्राय — dative singular masculine of इन्द्र — to Indra, for Indra.
• शंस्यताम् — passive imperative of √शंस् (to praise, proclaim, declare); third person singular — let it be proclaimed, let it be praised.
• स्तोत्रम् — nominative or accusative singular neuter of स्तोत्र — hymn, praise, laudation.
• वर्धनम् — nominative or accusative singular neuter of वर्धन — that which increases, strengthening, an instrument of growth. From √वृध्.
• बहुदायिने — dative singular masculine of बहुदायिन् — to the generous giver, to the one who bestows abundantly.
• तेन — instrumental singular masculine/neuter of तद् — by that, through that, with it.
• शक्रः — nominative singular masculine of शक्र — Shakra, the mighty one, Indra.
• प्रहृष्येत — प्र + √हृष् (to rejoice, become delighted); third person singular optative, ātmanepada — may rejoice, might become delighted.
• सोमेभ्यः — dative or ablative plural masculine of सोम — for the Soma offerings, from the Soma offerings.
• सख्येभ्यः — dative or ablative plural neuter of सख्य (friendship, companionship, alliance) — for friendships, from associations.
• च — indeclinable — and.

Literal Meaning

Let the hymn of praise be proclaimed to Indra, the generous giver who bestows abundance.

Through it, Shakra may rejoice, through the Soma offerings and the bonds of friendship.

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6. तम् एव सख्ये वयमीमः

तम् एव राये सुवीर्ये ।
स शक्रो नः सहायः स्यात्
वसु दद्यात् प्रसन्नधीः ॥

Word Forms

• तम् — accusative singular masculine of तद् — him, that one.
• एव — indeclinable emphatic particle — indeed, alone, precisely, only.
• सख्ये — locative singular neuter of सख्य — in friendship, in companionship, in alliance.
• वयम् — nominative plural of अस्मद् — we.
• ईमः — Vedic-style verbal form expressing desire or invocation — we seek.
• तम् — accusative singular masculine — him.
• एव — indeed, alone.
• राये — dative singular of रायि (masculine/feminine, Vedic wealth or riches) — for wealth, for prosperity.
• सुवीर्ये — locative singular neuter of सुवीर्य — in excellent strength, in heroic power.
• सः — nominative singular masculine of तद् — he, that one.
• शक्रः — nominative singular masculine — Shakra, Indra.
• नः — genitive/dative plural — our, for us.
• सहायः — nominative singular masculine of सहाय — helper, companion, ally, protector.
• स्यात् — √अस् (to be); third person singular optative, parasmaipada — may be, might become.
• वसु — accusative singular neuter of वसु — wealth, riches, precious possessions.
• दद्यात् — √दा (to give); third person singular optative, parasmaipada — may give, might bestow.
• प्रसन्नधीः — nominative singular masculine compound प्रसन्न + धी — one whose mind is clear, gracious or favourably disposed.

Literal Meaning

Him alone we seek in friendship.

Him alone we seek for wealth and heroic strength.

May that Shakra become our ally.

May he, with a gracious mind, bestow wealth upon us.

Important Vocabulary

• सख्य — friendship, companionship, alliance.
• रायि — wealth, prosperity, material abundance; an important Vedic term.
• सुवीर्य — excellent heroic strength, valour, vigorous power.
• प्रसन्नधी — one possessing a clear, gracious and benevolent mind.

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7. त्वद्दत्तं यश उन्मुक्तं

सुविविक्तं सुनिर्गतम् ।
गवां व्रजं विमुञ्च त्वं
राधो नः सृज वज्रिन् ॥

Word Forms

• त्वद्दत्तम् — त्वत् + दत्तम्; accusative/nominative singular neuter of त्वद्दत्त — given by you, bestowed by you. दत्त is the past passive participle of √दा (to give).
• यशः — nominative or accusative singular neuter of यशस् — fame, glory, renown, splendour.
• उन्मुक्तम् — nominative/accusative singular neuter of उन्मुक्त — released, liberated, set free. उद् + √मुच् (to release).
• सुविविक्तम् — nominative/accusative singular neuter of सुविविक्त — well-separated, clearly distinguished, pure, unobstructed.
• सुनिर्गतम् — nominative/accusative singular neuter of सुनिर्गत — well-emerged, fully manifested, successfully brought forth.
• गवाम् — genitive plural feminine of गो — of cows, of cattle.
• व्रजम् — accusative singular masculine of व्रज — enclosure, cattle pen, herd, fold.
• विमुञ्च — वि + √मुच् (to release, free); second person singular imperative, parasmaipada — release, set free, liberate.
• त्वम् — nominative singular — you.
• राधः — accusative singular neuter of राधस् — bounty, wealth, prosperity, reward, beneficence.
• नः — dative/genitive plural — for us, our.
• सृज — √सृज् (to release, create, send forth, bestow); second person singular imperative, parasmaipada — release, send forth, bestow.
• वज्रिन् — vocative singular masculine of वज्रिन् — O wielder of the Vajra, O Thunderbolt-bearer.

Literal Meaning

May the glory bestowed by you be liberated, clearly distinguished and fully manifested.

Release the enclosure of cattle for us.

Bestow your bounty upon us, O Vajrin.

Vedic Context

व्रज has particular significance in Vedic poetry. It can refer to a cattle enclosure or fold, and the release of cows is a recurring Vedic image associated with the liberation of wealth, light and abundance.

राधस् is another important Vedic word, expressing bounty, prosperity, gifts and beneficence.

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8. न त्वां द्यावापृथिव्यौ

धारयेतां महाबल ।
स्वर्वतीर् अपो जेषि
गाः समस्मभ्यं धूनुहि ॥

Word Forms

• न — indeclinable particle — not.
• त्वाम् — accusative singular of त्वद् — you.
• द्यावापृथिव्यौ — dual nominative of the compound द्यावापृथिवी — Heaven and Earth. The two cosmic realms.
• धारयेताम् — √धृ (to hold, sustain, support); third person dual optative, parasmaipada — may the two sustain, could the two support.
• महाबल — vocative singular masculine compound महा + बल — O mighty one, O possessor of great strength.
• स्वर्वतीः — accusative plural feminine of स्वर्वत् — possessing heaven, light or heavenly radiance.
• अपः — accusative plural feminine of अप् — waters.
• जेषि — √जि (to conquer, overcome, win); second person singular present tense, parasmaipada — you conquer, you overcome, you win.
• गाः — accusative plural feminine of गो — cows, cattle.
• सम् — indeclinable prefix — together, completely, in combination.
• अस्मभ्यम् — dative plural of अस्मद् — for us, to us.
• धूनुहि — √धू (to shake, drive away, shake loose); second person singular imperative, parasmaipada — shake, drive forth, shake loose.

Literal Meaning

Neither Heaven nor Earth can sustain you, O mighty one.

You conquer the heavenly waters.

Release and drive forth the cows towards us.

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9. आश्रुत्कर्ण ममाह्वानं

शृणु मे वाचमिन्द्र हि ।
इमं स्तोमं मम स्वीकृत्य
सखायमन्तरं कुरु ॥

Word Forms

• आश्रुत्कर्ण — compound epithet, an address to Indra — O attentive-eared one, O one whose ears are open to hearing.
• मम — genitive singular of अस्मद् — my, of me.
• आह्वानम् — accusative singular neuter of आह्वान — invocation, call, summons. From आ + √ह्वे (to call, invoke).
• शृणु — √श्रु (to hear, listen); second person singular imperative, parasmaipada — hear, listen.
• मे — genitive/dative singular of अस्मद् — my, to me, for me.
• वाचम् — accusative singular feminine of वाच् — speech, utterance, words, voice.
• इन्द्र — vocative singular masculine — O Indra.
• हि — indeclinable particle — indeed, surely, for.
• इमम् — accusative singular masculine of इदम् — this.
• स्तोमम् — accusative singular masculine of स्तोम — hymn, praise, laudation. From √स्तु.
• मम — genitive singular — my, of me.
• स्वीकृत्य — स्वीकृ (to accept, receive, approve); absolutive (ल्यबन्त) — having accepted, having received.
• सखायम् — accusative singular masculine of सखि — friend, companion, ally.
• अन्तरम् — accusative singular neuter of अन्तर — inner, intimate, close; also interval or difference depending on context.
• कुरु — √कृ (to do, make); second person singular imperative, parasmaipada — make, do, render.

Literal Meaning

O attentive-eared Indra, hear my invocation.

Listen to my words, indeed.

Having accepted this hymn of mine, make me an intimate friend.

Important Vocabulary

सखि and सख्य are closely related but grammatically distinct:

• सखि — a friend or companion.
• सख्य — friendship, companionship or alliance.

The phrase सखायमन्तरं कुरु requests intimate friendship or closeness with Indra.

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10. वयं त्वां बलिष्ठं विद्मो

वाजेषु हवनश्रुतम् ।
तस्य वीरस्य ते ऊतिं
सहस्रसातमां हुमः ॥

Word Forms

• वयम् — nominative plural of अस्मद् — we.
• त्वाम् — accusative singular of त्वद् — you.
• बलिष्ठम् — accusative singular masculine superlative of बलिन् — strongest, mightiest, most powerful.
• विद्मः — √विद् (to know); first person plural present tense, parasmaipada — we know, we recognise.
• वाजेषु — locative plural masculine of वाज — in contests, in battles, in competitions; also in contexts of strength, food and abundance.
• हवनश्रुतम् — accusative singular masculine compound हवन्/हवन + श्रुत — one renowned for hearing invocations, one who hears the calls of worshippers.
• तस्य — genitive singular masculine of तद् — of that, of him.
• वीरस्य — genitive singular masculine of वीर — of the hero, of the mighty warrior.
• ते — genitive singular of त्वद् — your, of you.
• ऊतिम् — accusative singular feminine of ऊति — help, protection, assistance, favour. A significant Vedic word.
• सहस्रसातमाम् — accusative singular feminine, superlative-style formation associated with सहस्रसात् — most abundant in thousands, bestowing assistance or wealth in thousands.
• हुमः — first-person plural form of √हु (to offer, sacrifice, invoke) — we offer, we sacrifice.

Literal Meaning

We know you to be the mightiest, renowned for hearing our invocations in contests and battles.

We invoke your most abundant protection and assistance, the aid of that mighty hero.

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11. आगच्छ कौशिकेन्द्र त्वं

सोमं पीत्वा मदाय नः ।
नवमायुर्दीर्घमस्मभ्यं
कृणु ऋषिं सहस्रजित् ॥

Word Forms

• आगच्छ — आ + √गम् (to come); second person singular imperative, parasmaipada — come hither, approach.
• कौशिकेन्द्र — compound कौशिक + इन्द्र — O Kaushika Indra. कौशिक is an epithet associated with the lineage of Kuśika.
• त्वम् — nominative singular of त्वद् — you.
• सोमम् — accusative singular masculine of सोम — Soma.
• पीत्वा — √पा (to drink); absolutive (क्त्वान्त) — having drunk.
• मदाय — dative singular masculine of मद — for exhilaration, for delight, for ecstasy.
• नः — genitive/dative plural of अस्मद् — our, for us.
• नवम् — accusative singular neuter of नव — new, fresh, renewed.
• आयुः — nominative/accusative singular neuter of आयुस् — life, lifespan, vitality.
• दीर्घम् — accusative singular neuter of दीर्घ — long, extended.
• अस्मभ्यम् — dative plural of अस्मद् — for us, to us.
• कृणु — √कृ (to make, do, create); second person singular imperative, parasmaipada — make, grant, bring about.
• ऋषिम् — accusative singular masculine of ऋषि — sage, seer.
• सहस्रजित् — nominative/vocative singular masculine compound सहस्र + जित् — conqueror of thousands, one who wins by thousands. Derived from √जि (to conquer).

Literal Meaning

Come, O Kaushika Indra, and having drunk Soma, rejoice for our sake.

Grant us renewed and extended life.

Make the seer a conqueror of thousands, O Sahasrajit.

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12. इमाः स्तुतयः सर्वतः

परि त्वां सन्तु गिर्वणः ।
वर्धतामायुरस्माकं
वर्धन्तां नः वृद्धयः ॥

Word Forms

• इमाः — nominative plural feminine of इदम् — these.
• स्तुतयः — nominative plural feminine of स्तुति — praises, hymns, laudations. From √स्तु (to praise).
• सर्वतः — indeclinable adverb — from all sides, everywhere, completely.
• परि — indeclinable preposition/adverb — around, surrounding, all around.
• त्वाम् — accusative singular of त्वद् — you.
• सन्तु — √अस् (to be); third person plural imperative, parasmaipada — let them be, may they remain.
• गिर्वणः — vocative singular masculine of गिर्वणस् — O lover of hymns, O one delighted by sacred utterances. A traditional epithet of Indra.
• वर्धताम् — √वृध् (to grow, increase); third person singular imperative, parasmaipada — let it grow, may it increase.
• आयुः — nominative singular neuter of आयुस् — life, lifespan.
• अस्माकम् — genitive plural of अस्मद् — our.
• वर्धन्ताम् — √वृध्; third person plural imperative, ātmanepada — let them grow, may they flourish.
• नः — genitive/dative plural — our, for us.
• वृद्धयः — nominative plural feminine of वृद्धि — growths, increases, prosperities, advancements. From √वृध्.

Literal Meaning

May these praises surround you from every side, O lover of hymns.

May our lifespan increase.

May our prosperities and advancements flourish.

Important Vocabulary

गिर्वणस् is a particularly appropriate epithet for Indra in a hymn centred on praise and invocation.

It conveys the idea of one who delights in hymns, sacred speech and the praises of worshippers.

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13. जुष्टा भवन्तु नित्यं नः

जुष्टयो मधुराः सदा ।
वृद्धे जीवितसामर्थ्ये
वर्धतां नः प्रियं यशः ॥

Word Forms

• जुष्टाः — nominative plural feminine of जुष्ट (pleased, favoured, enjoyed, accepted); past passive participle associated with √जुष् (to enjoy, favour, accept, be pleased with).
• भवन्तु — √भू (to be, become); third person plural imperative, parasmaipada — let them be, may they become.
• नित्यम् — indeclinable adverb — always, perpetually.
• नः — genitive/dative plural of अस्मद् — our, for us.
• जुष्टयः — nominative plural feminine of जुष्टि — favour, acceptance, pleasure, blessings or gracious reception. Derived from √जुष्.
• मधुराः — nominative plural feminine of मधुर — sweet, pleasant, delightful.
• सदा — indeclinable adverb — always, perpetually.
• वृद्धे — locative singular feminine of वृद्धा/वृद्धि-related formation — in growth, in advancement.
• जीवितसामर्थ्ये — locative singular neuter compound जीवित + सामर्थ्य — in the capacity for living, in the strength of life, in the power of vitality.
• वर्धताम् — √वृध्; third person singular imperative, parasmaipada — let it grow, may it increase.
• नः — genitive/dative plural — our, for us.
• प्रियम् — nominative singular neuter of प्रिय — dear, beloved, cherished.
• यशः — nominative singular neuter of यशस् — fame, glory, renown.

Literal Meaning

May our blessings and favours always be accepted.

May they remain sweet and delightful forever.

As the strength and capacity of life increase, may our cherished glory also grow.

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Important Roots (धातवः) and Their Forms

Root	Meaning	Forms in the hymn
√गै	To sing	गायन्
√अर्च्	To worship, praise	अर्चन्ति
√नी	To lead, raise	उन्नयन्ति
√रुह्	To ascend, grow	समारुह्य
√ईक्ष्	To observe, behold	निरीक्षते
√ज्ञा	To know, understand	ज्ञात्वा
√या	To go, proceed	ययौ
√युज्	To yoke, join	युङ्क्ष्व, युतौ
√इ	To go, come	एहि
√श्रु	To hear, listen	श्रुत्वा, शृणु
√ईर्	To utter, speak	प्रत्युदीरय
√वृध्	To grow, increase	वर्धय, विवर्धय, वर्धताम्, वर्धन्ताम्
√शंस्	To praise, proclaim	शंस्यताम्
√हृष्	To rejoice	प्रहृष्येत
√ईह्	To seek, strive	ईहामहे (suggested alternative)
√अस्	To be	स्यात्, सन्तु
√दा	To give	दद्यात्, दत्त
√मुच्	To release, liberate	उन्मुक्तम्, विमुञ्च
√सृज्	To release, create, send forth	सृज
√धृ	To hold, sustain	धारयेताम्
√जि	To conquer, win	जेषि, सहस्रजित्
√धू	To shake, drive forth	धूनुहि
√ह्वे	To call, invoke	आह्वानम्
√कृ	To do, make	कुरु, कृणु
√विद्	To know	विद्मः
√हु	To offer, sacrifice	हुमः
√गम्	To go, come	आगच्छ
√पा	To drink	पीत्वा
√भू	To be, become	भवन्तु
√जुष्	To favour, accept, enjoy	जुष्टाः, जुष्टयः

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Selected Vedic Vocabulary

Sanskrit	Meaning
शतक्रतु	Possessor of a hundred powers or mighty deeds
वृषभ	Bull; the mighty, powerful one
हरि	Indra’s bay-coloured steeds
सोम	Sacred Soma, the ritual offering
स्तोम	Hymn of praise, laudation
अर्क	Hymn, praise, sacred chant
ब्रह्मन्	Sacred utterance, inspired prayer, priestly expression
रायि	Wealth, prosperity
राधस्	Bounty, abundance, beneficence
ऊति	Divine assistance, protection, favour
वाज	Strength, nourishment, prize, victory
व्रज	Cattle enclosure, fold, herd
वज्रिन्	Wielder of the Vajra
गिर्वणस्	One who delights in hymns and sacred praise
सख्य	Friendship, companionship, alliance
कौशिक	Descendant of Kuśika; an epithet associated with Indra
मद	Exhilaration, delight, ecstasy
यशस्	Fame, glory, renown
सहस्रजित्	Conqueror of thousands

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Thematic Meaning

This composition presents Indra not merely as the recipient of Soma and sacrificial offerings, but as the divine hero who responds to invocation, recognises purpose, and leads his followers towards strength and accomplishment.

The opening establishes the relationship between sacred praise and divine attention. The singers, priests and hymn-knowers continuously invoke Indra, while the image of ascending mountain peaks introduces the idea of seeking higher objectives.

The repeated requests to harness the Hari steeds and approach the Soma offering establish the central ritual relationship between the worshipper and Indra.

The subsequent verses move from invocation to companionship. Indra is sought not only for wealth and heroic strength, but also as a trusted ally. The imagery of releasing the cattle and bestowing Rādhas (राधस्) invokes the Vedic association between divine intervention, abundance and prosperity.

The later verses emphasise the greatness of Indra, whose power exceeds even Heaven and Earth. The worshipper asks him to hear the invocation, accept the hymn and establish an intimate friendship.

The composition concludes with requests for renewed life, vitality, prosperity and enduring fame.

Its central movement is:

Invocation → Divine Attention → Soma Offering → Friendship → Strength → Abundance → Longevity → Glory.